Historical Fact Did you know? The Great Wall of China stretches for thousands of kilometres across northern China. The Library of Alexandria became one of the ancient world's most famous centres of learning. The printing press transformed how knowledge could be copied, shared and preserved. Ancient civilisations used calendars to track seasons, agriculture, religious festivals and political events. History is not only about dates; it is about the people, ideas and decisions that shaped societies. Africa: Timbuktu was a major centre of trade and scholarship, and its manuscript traditions preserve centuries of intellectual history. Nigeria: The Nok culture is famous for early terracotta sculptures and flourished in parts of present-day Nigeria over two thousand years ago. India: The Indus Valley Civilization developed carefully planned cities and sophisticated drainage systems in the ancient world. Europe: The Roman road network connected distant provinces and helped move people, goods, armies and ideas. The Americas: The Maya developed complex writing, mathematics and astronomical traditions. Oceania: Pacific navigators crossed enormous distances by reading stars, winds, waves and the natural environment. A historical source can be a letter, map, photograph, object, oral tradition or official record—not only a book.
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Israel-Hamas war

Israel-Hamas war

          On Sunday, Israel initiated a declaration of war against Hamas, responding to an unexpected attack by the Palestinian militant group based in Gaza. This attack included the taking of civilian hostages at a music festival, resulting in the recovery of at least 260 bodies. Israeli security forces, caught off guard, have launched retaliatory strikes on the Gaza Strip. U.S. officials anticipate that Israel will soon conduct a ground incursion into the area as violence intensifies in this conflict-ridden region.


          Israel is actively searching for more than 100 hostages, including Americans, who are believed to have been taken to Gaza by Hamas. In a speech on Tuesday, President Biden described Hamas's actions as "sheer evil."

           Since their victory in legislative elections in 2006, Hamas has repeatedly launched attacks on Israel using rockets and mortars, establishing themselves as a determined adversary. In response, Israel has employed its superior firepower and implemented a restrictive blockade, limiting imports and civilian movement as a form of collective punishment. This blockade and recurrent Israeli strikes have contributed to poor infrastructure and living conditions in Gaza. On Monday, Israel declared a complete siege on the enclave, with Defense Minister Yoav Gallant vowing "no electricity, no food, no fuel" and labeling Hamas militants as "savages."

           Israel's military announced on Tuesday that it is "moving into the offensive" after securing the country's border with Gaza.










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